Born | May 19, 1795 White's Hall, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, United States |
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Died | December 24, 1873 (aged 78) |
Occupation | Entrepreneur, investor, philanthropist, abolitionist |
Net worth | USD $10 million at the time of his death (approximately 1/944th of US GNP)[1] |
Signature |
Johns Hopkins (May 19, 1795[2] – December 24, 1873) was an Americanentrepreneur, abolitionist and philanthropist of 19th-century Baltimore, Maryland.
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His bequests founded numerous institutions bearing his name, most notably Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins University (including its academic divisions such as Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies).
A biography entitled Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette written by his cousin, Helen Hopkins Thom, was published in 1929 by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
- 5Philanthropy
Early life[edit]
Johns Hopkins was born on May 19, 1795. He was one of eleven children born to Samuel Hopkins (1759–1814) of Crofton, Maryland, and Hannah Janney (1774–1864), of Loudoun County, Virginia.[3] His home was Whitehall, a 500-acre (two km²) tobacco plantation in Anne Arundel County.[4] His first name was inherited from his grandfather Johns Hopkins who received his first name when his mother Margaret Johns married Gerard Hopkins.[3]
The Hopkins family were members of the Society of Friends (Quakers). In 1807, they emancipated their slaves in accordance with their local Society decree, which called for freeing the able-bodied and caring for the others, who would remain at the plantation and provide labor as they could.[5] The second eldest of eleven children, 12-year-old Johns was required to work on the farm, interrupting his formal education. From 1806 to 1809, he likely attended The Free School of Anne Arundel County, which was located in modern-day Davidsonville, Maryland.
In 1812, at the age of 17, Hopkins left the plantation to work in his uncle Gerard Hopkins' Baltimore wholesale grocery business. While living with his uncle's family, Johns and his cousin, Elizabeth, fell in love; however, the Quaker taboo against marriage of first cousins was especially strong, and neither Johns nor Elizabeth ever married.[4]
As he became able, Hopkins provided for his extended family, both during his life and posthumously through his will. He bequeathed a home for Elizabeth, where she lived until her death in 1889.
Whitehall Plantation is located in today's Crofton, Maryland. Its home, since restored and modified, is on Johns Hopkins Road, adjacent to Riedel Road. The heavily landscaped property is surrounded by Walden Golf Course, and bears a historic marker.
Business years[edit]
Hopkins' early experiences and successes in business came when he was put in charge of the store while his uncle was away during the War of 1812. After seven years with his uncle, Hopkins went into business together with Benjamin Moore, a fellow Quaker. The business partnership was later dissolved with Moore alleging Hopkins' penchant for capital accumulation as the cause for the divide.[4]
After Moore's withdrawal, Hopkins partnered with three of his brothers and established Hopkins & Brothers Wholesalers in 1819.[6] The company prospered by selling various wares in the Shenandoah Valley from Conestoga wagons, sometimes in exchange for corn whiskey, which was then sold in Baltimore as 'Hopkins' Best'. The bulk of Hopkins' fortune however was made by his judicious investments in myriad ventures, most notably the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), of which he became a director in 1847 and chairman of the Finance Committee in 1855. He was also President of Merchants' Bank as well as director of a number of other organizations.[7] After a successful career, Hopkins was able to retire at the age of 52 in 1847.[6]
A charitable individual, Hopkins put up his own money more than once to not only aid Baltimore City during times of financial crises, but also to twice bail the railroad out of debt, in 1857 and 1873.[8]In 1996, Johns Hopkins ranked 69th in 'The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present'.[9]
Civil War[edit]
One of the first campaigns of the American Civil War was planned at Johns Hopkins' summer estate, Clifton, where he had also entertained a number of foreign dignitaries including the future King Edward VII.[4] Hopkins was a strong supporter of the Union, unlike some Marylanders, who sympathized with and often supported the South and the Confederacy.[10] During the Civil War, Clifton became a frequent meeting place for local Union sympathizers, and federal officials.
Hopkins' support of Abraham Lincoln also often put him at odds with some of Maryland's most prominent people, particularly Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney, who continually opposed Lincoln's presidential decisions, such as his policies of limiting habeas corpus and stationing troops in Maryland. In 1862 Hopkins wrote a letter to Lincoln requesting the President not to heed the detractors' calls and continue to keep soldiers stationed in Maryland. Hopkins also pledged financial and logistic support to Lincoln, in particular the free use of the B&O railway system.[11][12]
Abolitionism[edit]
Johns Hopkins is described as being an 'abolitionist before the word was even invented', having been represented as such both prior to the Civil War period, as well as during the Civil War and Reconstruction Era.[7][13][14] There are several accounts that describe the abolitionist influence Hopkins was privy to as a 12-year-old participant in his parents' emancipation of their family's slaves in 1807.[4] Prior to the Civil War, Johns Hopkins worked closely with two of America's most famous abolitionists, Myrtilla Miner[15] and Henry Ward Beecher.[15] During the Civil War Johns Hopkins, being a staunch supporter of Lincoln and the Union, was instrumental in bringing fruition to Lincoln's emancipatory vision.[16]
After the Civil War and during Reconstruction, Johns Hopkins' stance on abolitionism infuriated many prominent people in Baltimore.[17][18] During the American Reconstruction period to his death[19] his abolitionism was expressed in the documents founding the Johns Hopkins Institutions, and reported in newspaper articles before, during, and after the founding of these institutions. Before the war, there was significant written opposition to his support for Myrtilla Miner's founding of a school for African American females[20] (now the University of the District of Columbia). Similarly, opposition (and some support) was expressed during Reconstruction, such as in 1867, the same year he filed papers incorporating the Johns Hopkins Institutions, when he attempted unsuccessfully to stop the convening of the Maryland Constitutional Convention where the Democratic Party came into power and where a new state Constitution, the Constitution still in effect, was voted to replace the 1864 Constitution of the Radical Republicans previously in power.[18]
Apparent also in the literature of the times was opposition, and support for, the various other ways he expressed opposition to the racial practices that were beginning to emerge, and re-emerge as well, in the city of Baltimore, the state of Maryland, the nation and in the posthumously constructed and founded institutions that would carry his name,[21] A Baltimore American journalist praised Hopkins for founding three institutions, a university, a hospital and an orphan asylum, specifically for colored children, adding that Hopkins was a 'man (beyond his times) who knew no race' citing his provisions for both blacks and whites in the plans for his hospital. The reporter also pointed to similarities between Benjamin Franklin's and Johns Hopkins' views on hospital care and construction, such as their shared interest in free hospitals and the availability of emergency services without prejudice. This article, first published in 1870, also accompanied Hopkins' obituary in the Baltimore American as a tribute in 1873. Cited in many of the newspaper articles on him during his lifetime and immediately after his death were his provisions of scholarships for the poor, and quality health services for the underserved, the poor without regard to their age, sex and color, the colored children asylum and other orphanages, the mentally ill and convalescents.
Philanthropy[edit]
Johns Hopkins Monument
Living his entire adult life in Baltimore, Hopkins made many friends among the city's social elite, many of them Quakers. One of these friends was George Peabody, who was also born in 1795, and who in 1857 founded the Peabody Institute in Baltimore. Other examples of public giving were evident in the city, as public buildings housing free libraries, schools and foundations sprang up along the city's widening streets. On the advice of Peabody, some believe, Hopkins determined to use his great wealth for the public good.
The Civil War had taken its toll on Baltimore, however, as did the yellow fever and cholera epidemics that repeatedly ravaged the nation's cities, killing 853 in Baltimore in the summer of 1832 alone. Hopkins was keenly aware of the city's need for medical facilities, particularly in light of the medical advances made during the war, and in 1870 he made a will setting aside seven million dollars — mostly in B&O stock — for the incorporation of a free hospital and affiliated medical and nurse's training colleges, as well as an orphanage for colored children and a university. The hospital and orphan asylum would each be overseen by the 12-member hospital board of trustees, and the university by the 12-member university board of trustees. Many board members were on both boards. Johns Hopkins' bequest was used to posthumously found the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum[22] first as he requested, in 1875; the Johns Hopkins University in 1876; the Johns Hopkins Press, the longest continuously operating academic press in America, in 1878; the Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing in 1889; the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1893; and the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health in 1916.[citation needed]
Johns Hopkins' views on his bequests, and on the duties and responsibilities of the two boards of trustees, especially the hospital board of trustees led by his friend and fellow Quaker Francis King, were formally stated primarily in four documents, the incorporation papers filed in 1867, his instruction letter to the hospital trustees dated March 12, 1873, his will, which was quoted from extensively in his Baltimore Sun obituary,[23] and in his will's two codicils, one dated 1870 and the other dated 1873.[24]
In these documents, Hopkins also made provisions for scholarships to be provided for poor youths in the states where Johns Hopkins had made his wealth, as well as assistance to orphanages other than the one for African American children, to members of his family, to those he employed, black and white, his cousin Elizabeth, and, again, to other institutions for the care and education of youths regardless of color and the care of the elderly, and the ill, including the mentally ill, and convalescents.
John Rudolph Niernsee, one of the most famous architects of the time, designed the orphan asylum and helped to design the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The original site for the Johns Hopkins University had been chosen personally by Hopkins. According to his will, it was to be located at his summer estate, Clifton. However, a decision was made not to found the university there. The property, now owned by the city of Baltimore, is the site of a golf course and a park named Clifton Park. While the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum was founded by the hospital trustees, the other institutions that carry the name of 'Johns Hopkins' were founded under the administration of the first president of the Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital, Daniel Coit Gilman and his successors.
Colored Children Orphan Asylum[edit]
As per Johns Hopkins' instruction letter, the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum (JHCCOA)[25] was founded first, in 1875, a year before Gilman's inauguration, now the founding date of the university. The construction of the asylum, including its educational and living facilities, was praised by The Nation and the Baltimore American, the latter stating that the orphan asylum was a place where 'nothing was wanting that could benefit science and humanity'. As was done for other Johns Hopkins Institutions, it was planned after visits and correspondence with similar institutions in Europe and America.
The Johns Hopkins Orphan Asylum opened with 24 boys and girls. Under Gilman and his successors, this orphanage was later changed to serve as an orphanage and training school for black female orphans principally as domestic workers, and next as an 'orthopedic convalescent' home and school for 'colored crippled' children and orphans. The asylum was eventually closed in 1924 nearly fifty years after it opened, and was never reopened.
Hospital, university, press, and schools of nursing and medicine[edit]
As per Hopkins' March 1873 Instruction Letter, the School of Nursing was founded alongside the Hospital in 1889 by the hospital board of trustees in consultation with Florence Nightingale. Both the nursing school and the hospital were founded over a decade after the founding of the orphan asylum in 1875 and the university in 1876. Hopkins' instruction letter explicitly stated his vision for the hospital; first, to provide assistance to the poor of 'all races', no matter the indigent patient's 'age, sex or color'; second, that wealthier patients would pay for services and thereby subsidize the care provided to the indigent; third, that the hospital would be the administrative unit for the orphan asylum for African American children, which was to receive $25,000 in annual support out of the hospital's half of the endowment; and fourth, that the hospital and orphan asylum should serve 400 patients and 400 children respectively, fifth, that the hospital should be part of the university, and, sixth, that religion but not sectarianism should be an influence in the hospital.
By the end of Gilman's presidency, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Press, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum had been founded; the latter by the trustees, and the others in the order listed under the Gilman administration. 'Sex' and 'color' were major issues in the early history of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. The founding of the School of Nursing is usually linked to Johns Hopkins' statements in his March 1873 instruction letter to the trustees that 'I desire you to establish, in connection with the hospital, a training school for female nurses. This provision will secure the services of women competent to care for those sick in the hospital wards, and will enable you to benefit the whole community by supplying it with a class of trained and experienced nurses'.
Legacy[edit]
Gravestone (center) in Green Mount Cemetery
Following Hopkins' death, The Baltimore Sun wrote a lengthy obituary that closed thus: 'In the death of Johns Hopkins a career has been closed which affords a rare example of successful energy in individual accumulations, and of practical beneficence in devoting the gains thus acquired to the public.' His contribution to the university that has become his greatest legacy was, by all accounts, the largest philanthropic bequest ever made to an American educational institution.
Johns Hopkins' Quaker faith and his early life experiences, in particular the 1807 emancipation, had a lasting influence throughout his life and his posthumous legacy as a businessman, railroad man, banker, investor, ship owner,[26] philanthropist and a founder of several Institutions. From very early on, Johns Hopkins had looked upon his wealth as a trust to benefit future generations. He is said to have told his gardener that, 'like the man in the parable, I have had many talents given to me and I feel they are in trust. I shall not bury them but give them to the lads who long for a wider education'; his philosophy quietly anticipated Andrew Carnegie's much-publicized Gospel of Wealth by more than 25 years.[4]
In 1973, Johns Hopkins was cited prominently in the Pulitzer Prize-winning book The Americans: The Democratic Experience by Daniel Boorstin, former head of the Library of Congress. From November 14, 1975, to September 6, 1976, a portrait of Hopkins was displayed at the National Portrait Gallery in an exhibit on the democratization of America based on Boorstin's book. In 1989, the United States Postal Service issued a $1 postage stamp in Johns Hopkins' honor, as part of the Great Americans series.[27]
References[edit]
- ^Klepper, Michael; Gunther, Michael (1996), The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present, Secaucus, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, p. xiii, ISBN978-0-8065-1800-8, OCLC33818143
- ^'Death of Johns Hopkins', The Baltimore Sun, December 25, 1873
- ^ abJacob, Kathryn A. 'Mr. Johns Hopkins.' Mr. Johns Hopkins. Johns Hopkins University, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2013. <'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2009-10-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)>.
- ^ abcdefKathryn A. Jacob (January 1974). 'Mr. Johns Hopkins'. The Johns Hopkins Magazine. 25 (1). The Johns Hopkins University. pp. 13–17. Archived from the original on 2004-08-25. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^Hopkins Thom, Helen (1929), Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, retrieved 2009-10-04 — the first and only book-length biography on Johns Hopkins. Used as source by Jacob cited above, Findalibrary.
- ^ ab'Hopkins, Johns.' Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2012. Credo Reference. Web. 07 October 2013.
- ^ ab'If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, hospital benefactor turned 200 on May 19, 1995, Mike Field, Staff Writer, The Gazette, The Newspaper of the Johns Hopkins University'. Jhu.edu. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives[dead link]
- ^'The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present'. Adherents.com. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^[1][permanent dead link]Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War is the memoir of George William Brown an ex-mayor of Baltimore city.
- ^'The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress'. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^'Border Town, Style Magazine, 2005'. Baltimorestyle.com. Archived from the original on 2009-11-03. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^[2] The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42–43 in JSTOR
- ^[3] See Jacob's 1974 article and Thom's 1929 biography].
- ^ ab'Myrtilla Miner, 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History'. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^'Johns Hopkins' letter to Lincoln'. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^The Baltimore Sun articles, which can be found online in the Maryland Archives, and William Starr Myers' book on 'self-reconstruction' in Maryland,
- ^ abWilliam Starr Myers, Ph.D., Preceptor in History, Princeton University (1857). The Self-Reconstruction of Maryland, 1864–1867. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Under the Direction of the Departments of History, Political Economy, and Political Science.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2013-04-17.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Documents cited in 'Chronology', Johns Hopkins University's website. See also 'The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University', in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez, 'The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42–43 in JSTOR
- ^DeBow's Review, Volume 22 In a letter to the editor, one subscriber to DeBow's review wrote 'It now seems that the Abolitionists not only propose to colonize Virginia from their own numbers, but that they are about to make the District of Columbia, in the midst of the slave region, and once under the jurisdiction of a slave State, the centre of an education movement, which shall embrace the free negroes of the whole North. A vast negro boarding school or college is proposed to be established in the City of Washington, the site for which has been purchased. The proposed edifice is designed to accommodate 150 scholars, and to furnish homes for the teachers and pupils from a distance. The enlarged school will include the higher branches in its system of instruction. There was a meeting lately.... the meeting decided to draw up and circulate a subscription paper, and counted upon receiving $10,000 for the purpose in Boston. The pastors of several churches in New York have pledged their churches in the sum of a thousand dollars each. Mr. Beecher will solicit subscriptions in most of the principal towns of Massachusetts.... The names of the Trustees ought to be mentioned particularly, as some of them are Southern men, and it might interest the South to know who they are': a relative of Johns Hopkins, 'Samuel M. Janney Loudoun county, Va.; Johns Hopkins Baltimore...; C. E. Stowe, Andover; H W Beecher, Brooklyn; together with an executive committee consisting of ... M. Miner, Principal, and William H. Beecher, of Reading, Secretary
- ^[4] 'The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University'; see in particular its chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez and the chronology on Johns Hopkins University's website cited immediately above. Wolff in a recent article on Baltimore and education during Reconstruction stated that what he saw emerging, during Reconstruction was 'slavery under a different name', the disenfranchisement and other practices proposed before the war being carried out after the Civil War.
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2006-10-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Johns Hopkins University's Website, The Institutional Records of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Colored Orphan Asylum
- ^[5] Obituary, The Baltimore Sun, December 25, 1873 in Johns Hopkins Gazette, Jan. 4, 1999, v. 28, no. 16
- ^[6]The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of 'Baltimore Town and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter.
- ^[7]Archived July 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Johns Hopkins Dream for a Model of its Kind: The JHH Colored Orphans Asylum, abstract, 2000 Conference International Society for the History of Medicine By Dr. P. Reynolds
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2008-05-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) 'Merchants & Miners Transportation Co.', [8] 'Troopships of World War II'
- ^Scott catalog # 2194A.
External links[edit]
- In The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of 'Baltimore Town' and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter
- Johns Hopkins at Find a Grave
- 'The History of African Americans @ Johns Hopkins University' See in particular the chronology and the paper by Danton Rodriguez.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johns_Hopkins&oldid=916993890'
Motto | Protecting Health, Saving Lives – Millions at a Time[1] |
---|---|
Type | Private |
Established | 1916 |
Endowment | US $360 million (2008)[2] |
Dean | Ellen J. MacKenzie[3] |
529 Full-time, 623 Part-time [2] | |
Students | 2,056[2] |
Location | , , |
Campus | Urban |
Website | www.jhsph.edu |
The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHSPH) is part of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. As the first independent, degree-granting institution for research in epidemiology and training in public health,[4] and the largest public health training facility in the United States,[5][6][7][8] the Bloomberg School is a leading international authority on the improvement of health and prevention of disease and disability. The school's mission is to protect populations from illness and injury by pioneering new research, deploying its knowledge and expertise in the field, and training scientists and practitioners in the global defense of human life.[2] The school is ranked first in public health in the U.S. News and World Report rankings and has held that ranking since 1994.[9]
- 1History
- 8References
History[edit]
Overview[edit]
Originally named the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, the school was founded in 1916 by William H. Welch with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. The school was renamed the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health on April 20, 2001 in honor of Michael Bloomberg (founder of the eponymous media company) for his financial support and commitment to the school and Johns Hopkins University. Bloomberg has donated a total of $2.9 billion to Johns Hopkins University over a period of several decades.
The school is also the founder of Delta Omega (est. 1924), the national honorary society for graduate training in public health.[10][11] The Bloomberg School is fully accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH).[12]
Origins[edit]
In 1913, the Rockefeller Foundation sponsored a conference on the need for public health education in the United States. Foundation officials were convinced that a new profession of public health was needed. It would be allied to medicine but also distinct, with its own identity and educational institutions.[13] The result of deliberations between public health leaders and foundation officials was the Welch–Rose Report of 1915, which laid out the need for adequately trained public health workers, and envisioned an 'institute of hygiene' for the United States.[14] The Report, reflected the different preferences of the plan's two architects—William Henry Welch favoured scientific research, whereas Wickliffe Rose wanted an emphasis on public health practice.[13]
In June 1916, the executive committee of the Rockefeller Foundation approved the plan to organize an institute or school of public health at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The institute was named the School of Hygiene and Public Health, indicating a compromise between those who wanted the practical public health training on the British model and those who favoured basic scientific research on the German model.[14] Welch, the first Dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine also became the founding Dean of the first school of public health in the United States.
The facility is located on the former Maryland Hospital site founded in 1797. The Maryland Hospital was originally built as a hospital to care for Yellow Fever for the indigent away from the city. In 1840, the hospital expanded to exclusively care for the mentally ill. In 1873, the buildings were torn down as the facility relocated to a new site as the Spring Grove Hospital Center.[15]
Legacy[edit]
The Johns Hopkins School of Public Health represents the archetype for formalized public health training and epidemiology education in the United States. By 1922, other schools of public health at Harvard, Columbia and Yale had all been established in accordance with the Hopkins model.[16] The Rockefeller Foundation continued to sponsor the creation of public health schools in the United States and around the world in the 1920s and 1930s, extending the American model of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health to countries such as Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, England, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Turkey, and Yugoslavia.[14]
Centennial Celebration[edit]
The school celebrated its 100th anniversary during the 2015–2016 academic year with programs, festivities, and innovative projects to spotlight 100 years of pioneering public health—connecting a century of achievements to the promise of new advances for the next century.[17]
Reputation and ranking[edit]
The Bloomberg School is the largest school of public health in the world, with 530 full-time and 620 part-time faculty, and 2,030 students from 84 countries.[18] It is home to over fifty Research Centers and Institutes with research ongoing in the U.S. and more than 90 countries worldwide.[19] The School ranks first in federal research support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), receiving nearly 25 percent of all funds distributed among the 40 U.S. schools of public health,[18] and has consistently been ranked first among schools of public health by U.S. News & World Report.[9]
Academic degrees and departments[edit]
The School offers:
- 9 master's degrees: Master of Public Health, Master of Science in Public Health, Master of Health Science, Master of Health Administration, Master of Bioethics, Master of Arts, Master of Applied Science, Master of Public Policy and Master of Science[20]
- 3 doctoral degrees: Ph.D, Doctor of Public Health, and Doctor of Science (ScD),[21]
- Postdoctoral training[22] and residency programs in general preventive medicine and occupational medicine.[23]
- combined[24] and certificate training programs in various areas of public health.[25]
The Bloomberg School is composed of 10 academic departments:[26]
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology – Chair Pierre Coulombe
- Biostatistics – Chair Karen Bandeen-Roche
- Environmental Health and Engineering– Chair Marsha Wills-Karp
- Epidemiology – Chair David Celentano
- Health, Behavior and Society – Chair David Holtgrave
- Health Policy and Management[27] – Chair Colleen Barry
- International Health[28] – Chair David Peters
- Mental Health – Chair M. Daniele Fallin
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology – Chair Arturo Casadevall
- Population, Family and Reproductive Health – Chair Cynthia Schaffer Minkovitz
In addition to these ten academic departments, there is a school-wide MPH program (Chair Marie Diener-West) and the Graduate Training Program in Clinical Investigation which is a collaborative program between the School of Public Health and School of Medicine (Chair N. Franklin Adkinson, Jr.).
Location[edit]
The Bloomberg School of Public Health is located in the East Baltimore campus of the Johns Hopkins University. The campus, collectively known as the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions[29] (JHMI), is also home to the School of Medicine and the School of Nursing and comprises several city blocks, radiating outwards from the Billings Building of the Johns Hopkins Hospital with its historic dome. The main building on which the school is located is on North Wolfe Street; it has nine floors and features an observation area and a fitness center on the top floor. The Bloomberg School also occupies Hampton House on North Broadway. The school is also serviced by the Welch Medical Library, a central resource shared by all the schools of the Medical Campus. The campus includes the Lowell Reed Residence Hall[30] and the Denton Cooley Recreational Center.[31] Public transportation to and from the campus is served by the Baltimore Metro Subway, local buses, and the JHMI shuttle.[32]
Notable alumni[edit]
Some of the graduates of the Bloomberg School of Public Health include
- Dr. Chen Chien-jen – Vice President of Taiwan (2016–); former Minister of Health, VP and Academician of national academic institute (Academia Sinica)
- Leroy Edgar Burney: 8th Surgeon General of the United States, first to publicly identify cigarette smoke as a cause of lung cancer
- Virginia Apgar: Apgar test, Anesthesiology, Teratology, founder of the field of Neonatology
- Alexander Langmuir: Epidemiologist, founder of the Epidemic Intelligence Service
- George W. Comstock: Epidemiologist, Pioneer of tuberculosis control and treatment
- Martha E. Rogers: Major figure in Nursing theory, created the Science of Unitary Human Beings
- Donald A. Henderson: Eradication of smallpox, Presidential Medal of Freedom, former Dean 1977–1990
- Andrew Spielman: Major figure in the modern history of public health entomology & vector-borne diseases
- Alfred Sommer: Nutrition, Discovered efficacy of Vitamin A in reducing child mortality, former Dean 1990–2005
- Miriam Were: African health advocate, recipient of the Légion d'honneur & the Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize
- António Correia de Campos: Member of the European Parliament since 2009; Health Minister of Portugal 2001–2002, 2005–2008
- Antonia Novello: 14th Surgeon General of the United States
- Bernard Roizman: Virologist, world's foremost expert on the Herpes Simplex Virus
- Linda Rosenstock: Dean of the University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health
- Peter Pronovost: Intensive care checklist protocol, Time 100 (2008), MacArthur Fellow
- Miriam Alexander: President of the American College of Preventive Medicine[33]
- John Travis: Pioneer in the Wellness movement
- Sanjay Ghose: Indian rural development activist who pioneered rural community health and development media initiatives
- Abdullah Baqui: public health scientist[34]
- Anna Baejter: Physiologist known for her work on the carcinogenic effects of Chromium[35]
Deans of the School[edit]
The official title of the head of the School has changed periodically between Director and Dean throughout the years.[36] Originally the title was Director. In 1931, it was changed to Dean and in 1946 back to Director. In 1958, the title again became Dean. The Deans (Directors) of the Bloomberg School include:
- William H. Welch (1916–1927)
- William Henry Howell (1927–1931)
- Wade Hampton Frost (1931–1934)
- Allen W. Freeman (1934–1937)
- Lowell Reed (1937–1947)
- Ernest L. Stebbins (1947–1967)
- John C. Hume (1967–1977)
- Donald A. Henderson (1977–1990)
- Alfred Sommer (1990–2005)
- Michael J. Klag (2005–2017)
- Ellen J. MacKenzie (2017–present)
Publications[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'What is Public Health?'. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
- ^ abcd'The School at a Glance'.
- ^'Ellen J. MacKenzie, PhD'. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
- ^'Welch-Rose Blueprint'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on September 14, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
- ^The World Book Encyclopedia, 1994, p. 135.
- ^Education of the Physician: International Dimensions. Education Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates., Association of American Medical Colleges. Meeting. (1984 : Chicago, Ill), p. v.
- ^Milton Terris, 'The Profession of Public Health', Conference on Education, Training, and the Future of Public Health. March 22–24, 1987. Board on Health Care Services. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, p. 53.
- ^Cecil G. Sheps (1973). 'Schools of public health in transition'. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society. 51 (4): 462–468. JSTOR3349628.
- ^ ab'Rankings of Public Health Programs, U.S. News and World Report'.
- ^'What is the Delta Omega Alpha Chapter?'. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
- ^'The Delta Omega Public Health Honorary Society'. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
- ^'Bloomberg School Receives Seven Year Accreditation'.
- ^ abGebbie, Rosenstock & Hernandez (2003), p. 228
- ^ abcGebbie, Rosenstock & Hernandez (2003), p. 229
- ^Rice, Laura (2002). Maryland History in Prints. p. 122.
- ^Gebbie, Rosenstock & Hernandez (2003), p. 230
- ^Riley, Michael. 'Centennial 2016'. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
- ^ ab'Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) Profile'. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- ^'Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Research Map'. Archived from the original on June 15, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
- ^Ballena, Carlos. 'Master's Programs'. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
- ^'Schools of Public Health Application Service (SOPHAS): JHSPH Departmental Degrees & Admissions Profile'(PDF).[permanent dead link]
- ^'Postdoctoral Training'. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
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- ^'Certificate Programs'. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
- ^'Departments'. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
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- ^'The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions'.
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- ^JHUcooleycenter.com
- ^'JHMI Shuttle Service'. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
- ^'CHIT Chat webinar: What is Preventive Medicine?'. American College of Preventive Medicine. December 9, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
- ^'Abdullah Baqui, MBBS'. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
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Bibliography[edit]
- Gebbie, Kristine; Rosenstock, Linda; Hernandez, Lyla M., eds. (2003). Who will keep the public healthy?: Educating public health professionals for the 21st century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. ISBN0-309-08542-X.
External links[edit]
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Degrees and Admissions Information (SOPHAS)[permanent dead link]
Coordinates: 39°17′52″N76°35′27″W / 39.29785°N 76.590757°W
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